US Supreme Court Decision Essay Example for Free

US Supreme Court Decision Essay An assessment of the United States Supreme Court case Romer v. Evans, which was settled on May 20, 1996, is to be advanced in this paper. The case was contended on October 10, 1995. At issue was Amendment 2 to the State Constitution of Colorado â€Å"which blocks all administrative, official, or legal activity at any degree of state or nearby government intended to ensure the status of people dependent on their gay, lesbian or indiscriminate direction, lead, rehearses or relationships† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). The U. S. Incomparable court held it abuses the Equal Protection Clause. The assessment in favor was documented by Justice Kennedy, while the disagreeing sentiment was recorded by Justice Scalia. The choice, Article II sec 30b of the Colorado Constitution, read as follows: NO PROTECTED STATUS BASED ON HOMOSEXUAL, LESBIAN, OR BISEXUAL ORIENTATION. Neither the State of Colorado, through any of its branches or divisions, nor any of its offices, political developments, regions or school regions, will order, receive or implement any resolution, guideline, mandate or strategy whereby gay, lesbian or androgynous direction, lead, practices, or connections will comprise or in any case be the premise of, or entitle any individual or class of people to have or guarantee any minority status, share inclinations, ensured status or guarantee of segregation. This Section of the Constitution will be in all regards self-executing (Romer v. Evans, 1996). While many accepted the law would forestall non-government separation claims dependent on sexual direction just as forestall the entry or the implementing of existing laws precluding such segregation, Amendment 2’s reason for existing was â€Å"generally conflicting with standard American values† (Debbage Alexander, pg. 264). The State of Colorado contended the â€Å"measure does close to deny gay people exceptional rights† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). This is a decades old contention that conservative Christian gatherings have utilized â€Å"to offer to a more extensive, increasingly mainstream crowd by portraying the gay rights development as one planned for getting extraordinary rights and secured status for gays and lesbians joined into social equality law† (Debbage Alexander, pg. 273). Equity Kennedy writes in the sentiment in favor, â€Å"The States head contention that Amendment 2 places gays and lesbians in a similar situation as every single other individual by denying them exceptional rights is dismissed as implausible† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). Equity Kennedy further states how â€Å"Amendment 2 puzzles this ordinary procedure of legal survey. It is on the double excessively thin and excessively wide. It distinguishes people by a solitary attribute and afterward denies them insurance over the board† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). The last passage of Justice Kennedy’s feeling announces: â€Å"We must reason that Amendment 2 arranges gay people not to promote an appropriate authoritative end yet to make them inconsistent to every other person. This Colorado can't do. A State can't so regard a class of people an alien to its laws. Correction 2 damages the Equal Protection Clause, and the judgment of the Supreme Court of Colorado is affirmed† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). While Justice Scalia writes as he would like to think, Amendment 2 is a â€Å"modest endeavor by apparently open minded Coloradans to protect customary socially acceptable sexual behaviors against the endeavors of a politically ground-breaking minority to reconsider those mores using the laws† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). While Justice Scalia has the privilege to his very own convictions viewing homosexuality and its legitimacy as a secured class, numerous others don't share them. As Richard Mohr sees in Romer v. Evans: A Blow for Justice, â€Å"All or almost all legitimate weights on gays offer straightforwardly or by implication to prejudice†. His article proceeds to depict how in 1996 this decision should influence two significant gay issues: gays in the military and gay marriage. At the point when rivals can't give consistent purposes behind their restriction it assumes â€Å"strongly held convictions for which one can offer no reasons or clarifications are by definition biased ones† (Mohr, para. 5). With the choice of the U.S. Preeminent Court, Romer v. Evans â€Å"marked a monstrously significant day for the gay rights development and a significant misfortune for hostile to gay rights activists of all persuasions† as indicated by Sharon Debbage Alexander’s article in the Winter 2002 issue of Texas Forum on Civil Liberties Civil Rights. Besides, this case has gotten one of the most huge choices gave by the U.S. Incomparable Court with respect to gay rights. Most of the individuals who have dissected Romer v. Evans imply the â€Å"fact that the case was won utilizing a sane premise test adds to the quality of the choice for gay rights† (Debbage Alexander, pg. 297). Since the choice of Romer v. Evans, President Barack Obama has upset the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† strategy inside our Armed Forces and gay marriage is right now getting looked at in two cases that have been heard at the U.S. Incomparable Court. In the wake of winning Boy Scouts of America v. Dale in 2000 securing the gatherings First Amendment expressive affiliation rights, as of late the administering body of the Boy Scouts of America casted a ballot to permit transparently gay scouts inside its enrollment, however not as Scout Leaders. The significant issue of gay rights in America has at long last arrived at the bleeding edge of open strategy and discussion. As in Romer v. Evans, I trust that the United States Supreme Court will control against the State of California’s Proposition 8 and DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, to discover the two laws unlawful. To the extent that to carry fairness for all to these United States of America.

English - Drama and Farce - The bear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English - Drama and Farce - The bear - Essay Example Popov in a clever manner, who gives off an impression of being grieving the demise of his significant other kicked the bucket somewhere in the range of seven months back. The play endless supply of the heroes Luka, who is the footman of Mrs. Popov, a senseless and dolt old individual that keeps up the propensity for offering vent to his thoughts without making any investigations of the comments he will convey. Since he has been serving Mrs. Popov, Luka likewise feels frustrated about the demise of her better half. Thus, he attempts to support his crying paramour in such a moronic way, that looks bothersome to her, and welcomes the giggling of the crowd in this manner. Mrs. Popov reviews the sweet recollections of the minutes she had gone through with her expired spouse, while Luka intrudes on her by expressing that since different individuals from the house, including hirelings and creatures, have defeated their pain, she ought to likewise mimic them and subsequently ought to take an interest in different exercises of regular day to day existence. In addition, rather than sharing the sadness stricken woman, Luka mourns on the loss of his uniform eaten by the mice. He censures the military for this demonstration of the mice, which couldn't control their wickedness by and large. Another character, Mr. Smirnov, is likewise managed by Luka in a similar way, which welcomes his annoyance as it were. Furthermore, the statements of adoration and warmth exhibited by the old Smirnov additionally upset Mrs. Popov, and she searches for the removal of the rich idiotic individual in one manner or the other. The play contains a few components of a joke in it, where simply like sham, the play under examination additionally makes humor out of both discourse and activities. Both Luka and Smirnov perform acts in a stupid and brainless manner, and bolster their foolishness with the assistance of ridiculous exchanges, intended to comfort Mrs. Popov, however these demonstrations and words rankle and disturb her all things considered. Another trait of sham saw by the Bear is this that the characters profess to be insightful and

Introducing the Class of 2013 Twins Chandler 13 and Taylor 13

Introducing the Class of 2013 Twins Chandler 13 and Taylor 13 Continuing our series Introducing the Class of 2013, today we have a pair of stories about a terrific pair of young women Chandler 13 and Taylor 13 Jonte 13 Sean 13 Terence 13 Christy 13 Twin co-valedictorians set for MIT Originally posted on: Friday, May 29, 2009 by Adam Freeman COLLIER COUNTY: A set of twin girls in Collier County have a lot more in common than just their looks. Theyre also graduating at the top of their class as co-valedictorians. Out of 75 students graduating from the Community School of Naples, what are the chances of two tying as valedictorians? If you knew anything about the Burfield twins, it would have been a sure bet from the beginning. Like many twins, Chandler and Taylor Burfield play the same sports and share the same friends. But unlike most twins, they each carry a 4.76 GPA. We both worked so hard throughout high school, so its just wonderful that were able to do this together and share this honor, said Chandler. The girls are also co-captains of the track team as well as members of the swim team and the National Honor Society. But they are far from heated rivals. We definitely dont let the other one win, but I think its a healthy competition, said Taylor. Their mom, Elise Burfield, is one person who has no person telling the two apart. She pointed out Taylor is one inch taller and one minute older. We dont even think theyre twins. They dont look alike to us. Their personalities are totally different, she said. Both girls plan to attend MIT in the fall. They say its not because they want to be together, but because MIT is such a great school. When we were deciding where to go to college, we werent deciding together. We each made our own decision, but it happened to be the same decision, Chandler said, When we asked the twins what they plan to major in this fall, the both said the same thing math and economics. Great minds think alike: Twins at Community School share valedictorian title Posted May 28, 2009 at 7:57 p.m. NAPLES Community School of Naples seniors Taylor and Chandler Burfield share many things. The same last name, the same birthday, the same grade point average and, tonight, the same stage. The twin sisters will share the valedictorian title at The Community Schools graduation Friday evening. Its nice to be able to share this with her, said Taylor, 18, who is one minute older than Chandler. As for competition between the two? It was friendly, they both said. I think we push each other and that is a positive thing, said Taylor. Chandler agreed. We are competing, but we are both happy for each others successes, she said. Case in point, Chandler cheered her sister on last week when Taylor was named Collier Countys Winged Foot winner. The Burfield sisters are the daughters of Elise and Mark Burfield. They have one younger sister, Tristan, 13. At the Community School of Naples, both were on the Mu Alpha Theta team, were co-captains of cross country and track and swam for the Seahawks, among other things. This fall, both sisters are headed to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chandler is leaning toward majoring in mathematics or economics. Taylor is thinking about mathematics, engineering or economics. Both, however, are planning to continue their running careers at MIT. This is a great new opportunity. We will be exposed to so many new things, said Taylor. We are going to a school with the best academics and a really great, dedicated team to run with. But the more immediate concern is what to say in their graduation speeches. When asked about the advice they would give to their fellow classmates, Taylor immediately piped up. I would tell them to have confidence in themselves and to push themselves, she said. They have great potential. Chandler looked at her sister. I was going to say the same thing, she said. Taylor laughed. This is why we have to work to make sure our speeches are different, she said. Chandler, thinking for a moment, said she would tell her classmates not to be afraid to try new things. You should explore all of the things you want to do, she said. Friend and fellow graduate Mary Kate Murphy knows they will be fine graduation night. Everyone at this school is talented in a different way, she said. Some, like the Burfields, are good in everything. The Community School of Naples graduation will be held at 4:30 p.m. today in the Community School of Naples Field House, 13275 Livingston Road.

The Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki - 1827 Words

The Atomic Bomb After World War I, no one, not even the Head of Chemical Warfare, suspected such a weapon would be dropped on civilians in the near future. Prior to the development of the atomic bomb in World War II, gas bombing and incendiary bombing were prevalent (Rotter 5). The race to create nuclear weapons and the excitement of succeeding technologically is thought to have distorted the morality of those who decided to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These atomic bombings are plausibly the first and last of their kind, as increasing nuclear programs in countries worldwide promise mutually assured destruction to countries associated in such an ordeal. In the future, all countries involved in a war will need to tread carefully, as†¦show more content†¦Ironically, approximately twenty years later, the United States of America was blamed for doing just that. Arguably, the entire Atomic Bomb situation began on August 2, 1939, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt received a letter revealin g by purifying uranium 235 one had the potential to create a bomb. It also revealed the efforts in Nazi Germany to create a bomb (Bellis 1). In response to this letter, a secret government project called the â€Å"Manhattan Project†, began (Bellis 1). The Manhattan Project was top secret at the time, and served the purpose of creating and testing an atomic bomb(Bellis 1). Between 1939 and 1945 over two billion dollars were given to the Manhattan Project (Bellis 1). The scientists burdened with inventing such a bomb mostly originated from the University of Chicago (Bellis 1). To create an atomic bomb, a specific amount of enriched uranium must be used, to create a chain reaction (Bellis 1). The group of scientists, headed by Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer, created a pile of forty five metric tons of natural uranium embedded in solid graphite (Bellis 1). Although the reaction was slowed because the uranium 235 was not extracted, it was considered successful (Bellis 1). The next step was to extract the uranium 235, and create a real bomb (Bellis 1). The way to go about this creation was difficult. The ratio of uranium to uranium ore is five hundred to one. The â€Å"one† part in that ratio is ninety nine

Top Essay on Typing Skills Samples Tips!

Top Essay on Typing Skills Samples Tips! Essay on Typing Skills Samples - Is it a Scam? It can likewise be useful to supply a sample with content much like the topics you may be writing about. The book delivers an exceptional read for furthering knowledge about how to compose descriptive essays. You may choose to refer to some sample essay outlines found in this informative article. Essay writing examples in doc format like the ones given may help direct you in writing an excellent composition. Though the conclusion paragraph comes at the conclusion of your essay it shouldn't be considered an afterthought. The critique section of the essay is organized into three primary components, the debut of the field where the guide belongs and the wide troubles. It takes write name of book in essay and practice to come up with a feeling of when a new paragraph is necessary and when it's been finished. Key Pieces of Essay on Typing Skills Samples If you've got these general abilities, you are going to improve your marketability. If you are searching for help to type essay then you need to look at getting the aid of a specialist. If you're to really gain from model essays, you want to understand how to read the techniques of the writer'. This essay argues that, in the previous decade, the benefits of the world wide web far outweigh the disadvantages. To get essay online, you simply will need to fill in the application form and you'll get excellent work on the desired topic. Always maintain a note of your sources as you cooperate. The last piece that enables the students to better their essay typing speed is ensuring that there's a concentrate on the engagement accessible. Regardless of what's the aim of your essay, there's a preset number of points which you will be expected to tackle. A number of the keyboards particularly for small laptop computers are so closely placed they desire a degree of expertise to totally get used to typing on them. You may use the samples as a foundation for working out how to write in the proper style. Unlike a typing test, it is fine if you don't get it right the very first time. Welcome to professional small business typing services. Sooner or later, however, remember that excellent writing doesn't happen by accident. You need to always match the kind of writing in your sample to the sort o f writing required in your intended job. Scratch that, writing is among the hardest tasks around. Obviously, there isn't any definite response to the question I used as a title. Details of Essay on Typing Skills Samples Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and a suitable structure. 1 way to consider the conclusion is, paradoxically, as a second introduction since it does actually contain several of the exact capabilities. Until then, you may use AI to fulfill the term count if you use up all your ideas. If life on other planets exists, it can be completely different from that which we are utilised to not just in form, but in fundamental principles too. Employers want to realize that you have what it requires to be successful at work. Employer requirements vary in regard to what is asked for and when applicants are requested to submit it. Students will need to challenge their proficiency in typing by enrolling in online classes which have a wide variety of tests that help with determining the degree of proficiency garnered. A person's skill set is comprised of an assortment of personal skills that they've acquired through education and employment. Based on the kind of sport you're engaging in, there's a particular set of skills required to master it. It's additionally a vital skill for journalists since they must gather information on a particular topic and to further assess the way the audience view their work. There are skills required for jobs that are not just desirable by employers but necessary so as to grow in your role or work nicely with other folks.

Adult Development Analysis Free Essays

string(92) " not violate any of her parents’ rules because her strict mother would surely punish her\." Lamis came from a family that originated from the country of Pakistan. She has a big family–her mother, father, fiver brothers, and two sisters–and they all give importance to the values, culture and behaviors inculcated into their minds by their parents. She expressed how blessed she was to be in a family that treasures love, respect, integrity, and life. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Development Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lamis life was indeed very challenging because she grew up amidst various complexities in life. When she was a little child, she was always confused as to whose directions should she follow because she has parents who are entirely two different individuals. Her mother is someone who loves to be with people so much. She likes socializing with people and undertaking activities with them because such experience gives her certain pleasure and enjoyment that she does not find in any other places. Her father, on the other hand, is the exact opposite of her mother. He does not like the idea of being with people. He is more comfortable being alone in his own place, perhaps because her father is a very private person. He keeps a lot of things in his mind and usually do not share most of those things to her mother. Furthermore, her father is very pragmatic and he is open-minded that he understands the contemporary things they do in their lives even if those are sometimes against his beliefs. On the contrary, her mother does not want them to do things on their own. She is very strict in terms of the things they undertake. She wants them to always obey her because she believes that she knows what is best for her children. The contradictions demonstrated by Lamis’ parents made her initially a very confused individual. It affected the development of her morality. She told me she loves both of her parents so she was usually torn between whether to follow her father or her mother. She eventually learned to balance the characters of her parents and somehow managed to grasp the positivity of their differing individualities and created a whole set of values, behaviors, and beliefs that influenced her moral development. Lawrence Kohlberg, a theorist who proposed the concept of moral development, conceived that individuals continue through each stage of moral development consecutively without skipping or returning to a previous stage. According to him, the stages of processing ideas, implying qualitatively, various ways of reasoning, and of problem solving are incorporated in the three levels of pre-conventional, conventional and post conventional development (Hayes, 1994). The pre-conventional level of Kohlberg’s moral development theory communicated that behavior is motivated by anticipation of pleasure or pain (Hayes, 1994). The child is aware of cultural rules and labels of good or bad and right or wrong. The subject then interprets the labels in terms of the physical consequence, such as punishment or reward. This was true in Lamis’ family particularly with how her parents raised them. Her mother, in particular, would always want them to help each other and to do things in accordance with her will because she was so strict during those times. She would not allow them to play outside the house if any of them disobey her. Also, she wanted them to always study hard and incessantly reminded them the importance of education in their life. Hence, she would keep their toys and other sources of entertainment like television if they do not review their lessons at least two hours everyday. Her father, on the other hand, would reward them for every good things they do like cleaning the house, fixing their bedrooms, and studying their lessons. He would buy them special cookies or their favorite chocolates every good grade they get from school. Going back to Kohlberg’s moral development theory, the first level, pre-conventional, of moral thinking is generally found at the elementary school level, before the age of nine (Kay, 1982). This level is divided into the following two stages. The punishment and obedience orientation. This is observed in children ages one to five. The subject is in avoidance of physical punishment and deference to power. The child behaves according to the socially acceptable norms, due to the fear of punishment by an authority figure. The physical aftermaths of an action ascertain its goodness or badness. â€Å"What is right is to avoid breaking rules, to obey for obedience’s sake, and to avoid doing physical damage to people and property† (as cited in Wart, 1998, p. 36). Furthermore, an individual at this stage does not consider the thoughts or feelings of others, nor are they able to relate two points of view. As in Piaget’s framework, ego-centrism and the inability to consider the perspectives of others characterize the reasoning of stage one (Piaget, 2003). The individual instrumental purpose and exchange orientation. Subjects usually between the ages of 5 to 10 are observed maintaining the attributes of being â€Å"self-serving.† This stage is â€Å"characterized by a view that right behavior means acting in one’s own best interest and occasionally taking into consideration the needs of others† (Penn State Engineering, 2006). There is an early emergence of moral reciprocity. â€Å"You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.† The individual will do what is necessary to satisfy his own needs not concentrating on loyalty or gratitude. Justice becomes â€Å"Do unto others as they do unto you.† What is right is the immediate interest in the form of an equal exchange, deal or agreement. A subject at this stage of moral development has a basic understanding that norms and conventions are necessary to uphold society. The motto of this stage is â€Å"What’s in it for me?† Elements of sharing are present but are interpreted in a physical pragmatic way (Hayes, 1994). When Lamis was a little kid, she told me she really did not care so much about the feelings of other people like her siblings and playmates. What was important for her was to play and made sure that she did not violate any of her parents’ rules because her strict mother would surely punish her. You read "Adult Development Analysis" in category "Papers" Lamis was so young then that she actually did not understand everything her mother told her but she did acknowledge the fact that her mother would not be happy if she does something wrong. Until Lamis learned to care about other people and realize the importance of doing good things to others. Her father played an important part in making her understand the essentiality of recognizing the welfare of other individuals in order for those people to do the same good things to her. Lamis’ early learning experiences were fundamentally influenced by her family. She told me during the interview that she did not go to school early, unlike other children, because she had asthma. She only started to go to school when she was eight years old. Apart from the fact that she had asthma, her parents were scared to leave Lamis in school at a very early age. Such action, according to her, was perhaps due to the conservatism in their culture. Yet, her father never forgot to tell her good things about going to school and learning new things from a teacher. Lamis’ father would always narrate his positive experiences he acquired from school and things that education allowed him to do. Hence, Lamis became really interested in going to school and in fact, became one of the best students when she started her formal education. Furthermore, Lamis was very thankful to her mother being extrovert. Although she was not allowed to go to school at an early age, her mother would always bring her whenever her mother would socialize with her friends and this was perhaps where she learned most of her social skills, where, according to Kohlberg and Piaget, most moral development occurs along with aging process (Duska Whelan, 1975). When Lamis started her first formal education in Saudi Arabia, she admitted to me that she had complicated experiences the first time basically because she found it very challenging to assimilate to the culture of her school considering that her native culture was very different from the school culture in so many ways. On top of this, she did not know the English language that made it more difficult for her to interact with and understand her classmates. She shared to me one experience and this happened during the school opening. She came to school with short hair and most of her classmates were making fun of her. Since she did not understand the language, she did not get affected and instead maintained her good values and behaviors that her parents inculcated into her mind. Lamis further shared to me some of her strengths when she was a student. She told me she was that kind of student who leads and influences other students. She never got intimidated by the presence of her classmates. In fact, she was the class leader and she was the one assigned to do the morning news and introduction at school. She was capable of handling the entire class and her teacher actually entrusted to her the class whenever the teacher leaves. She took responsibilities very well. Such behaviors gave her good grades in school for 12 years. During this part of the interview, I was able to trace where these positive and strong attitudes and behaviors came from. I believe her being strong, socially interactive, intelligent, independent, and creative was due to the trainings provided by her parents when she was a little kid. As mentioned earlier, Lamis was introduced to the notion of reward and punishment system when she was young. Her strict mother would always ask her to study and do things accordingly; otherwise a corresponding punishment would be executed. The interview moreover reveals that Lamis’ life is heavily influenced by her many personal encounters with an array of people of equally diverging personality types. Which is why, Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory appears to be a very good choice to help further elucidate Lamis’ unique learning tendencies and personality traits. Erikson’s model, if only to mention, puts higher premium than most on exploring the environmental influences of a person as one grows up. In other words, it â€Å"considers the impact of external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood† (Learning Theories, 2007). According to Erik Erikson, each person needs to undergo eight major life-defining stages over the period of their given life spans. And these stages, on a careful analysis, have two chief characteristics. First, these interrelated life stages – infancy, toddler-hood, school-age, adolescence, early and mid and late-adulthood – are differentiated not by the traditional approach involving the use of chronologically-based age ordering system. Put in other words, Erikson’s model does not rely on the age of the person in solely evaluating his or her psychological development. Instead, Erikson conceives of these life stages always view of the growth and development of a person achieves relative to his or her age. Critical to his notion of psychosocial theory of personality development is the areas of growth that come with each life stage. Second, every life stage consists in â€Å"a developmental task that confronts individuals with crisis† (Satrock, 2006, p. 71). Erikson’s model maintains that a person needs to find a resourceful way to successfully hurdle the respective crises each life stage brings him or her. If a person resolves a crisis, it serves his growth process well. If a person is unable figure a resolution for it, chances are, it stalls the development of his or her growth and well being. Crises, in needs to argued, are life-defining moments. And as such, it promises not only an ugly catastrophe for a person, but an â€Å"enhanced potential† of a healthy psychological life as well (p. 71). During infancy, Erikson believes that a person needs to resolve fundamental trusts issues. This is achieved when a child is adequately nurtured; i.e., if the immediate environment – the mother, father and siblings, among others – responds well to his or her needs. If a child did not establish a basic sense of security from the family, it can result to an unfortunate retardation of his capacity to trust the larger world later on. Stage two meanwhile pertains to the struggle of a toddler to establish his will. During this stage, a child is able to learn many new things and is beginning to learn what is right from wrong. Depending on the way a person is nurtured at this particular stage, a child can either end up having a strong sense of autonomy or shame. The next phase is the preschooler stage – a time, as it were, to indulge in childhood curiosity. When properly affirmed, a child can develop a good sense of initiative. When constantly rebuked, a child is expected to develop a gripping sense of guilt. According to Erikson, the immediate family of a child plays a very crucial role in the development or the retardation of children undergoing these three initial stages. In many ways, the importance Erikson places on the role of the family makes his theory wholly distinct from the more inclination-indulging theory of S. Freud (Erikson, 1964, p. 9) Stage four meanwhile concerns the school phase of a child. During these years, a child needs to be empowered to develop his or her competence and self-esteem. At this stage too, a child can either develop a sense of industry or inferiority depending on the manner by which he or she successfully handles the pressures of peer and studies. The next phase is the adolescence stage. At this point, the influence of the family, especially the parents, start to diminish. Everyone’s chief concern at this stage is to establish fidelity in one’s personal affiliation, belongingness, or even relationships. Moreover, a person can either end up establishing a strong sense of who he or she is, or wound up under-developing his or her identity in a crisis marked by severe confusion. Stages six to eight pertains to a person in his or her adulthood. In particular, stage six, or the early adulthood stage, underscores a person’s struggle for love. Since this is the stage proper to establishing relationships, a person can either nurture intimacy or fall apart because of isolation. Stages seven and eight are phases that involve a person’s quest for generativity and integrity. When undermined, a person can sorely wound up into a stage of extreme wallowing and despair (Learning Theories, 2007; Satrock, 2006, pp 71-72). Using Erik Erikson’s theory to evaluate Lamis, the following observations can be noted: First, it can be said that Lamis’ authoritative comportment and unmistakable confidence take root from a successful resolution of her life’s first stage. Lamis’s early life was marked by healthy interaction with her family members. And because each person takes on the â€Å"capital† of gaining something from one’s family of origin (Wartofsky, 1986, p. 113), it can be argued that Lamis’ was able to gain the all important aspect of familial love in her life. Lamis admits belonging to a family that places much regard on care, love and nurturance. Moreover, her being born into a large family turned out to be an advantage for her as well, since her basic need to be nurtured and taken care of as an infant was addressed. This is perhaps the most fundamental reason why Lamis was to develop a strong sense of security as an adult; as indeed, this factor too may help explain why she looks at the world brimming with confidence, optimism and pride. Next, one can also note that Lamis’ is herself quite clued-up with the fact that most of what she believes in and holds on in life stem from the unique manner by which she was nurtured. For instance, Lamis claims that early on in life, she already manifested a certain strain of stoicism towards feelings on account of a very strong sense of rules and punishment-reinforcements. For someone who was just beginning to explore the world, it seems pretty obvious that Lamis developed a sense of autonomy defined by how successful she was able to play by the rules. Her desire to avoid being punished and suffer the shame of being reprimanded by her otherwise rigorous mother was controlling motive for this. As such, this is a classic case of autonomy vs. shame struggle manifested by toddlers. In the process, what emerged from her struggle to obey was a person who has a specific leaning towards obedience and a knack on leadership that influences other people to obey as well. Lastly, it has to be mentioned as well that Lamis’ school age is also marked by a successful overcoming of inferiority and low self esteem crises. During the interview, Lamis revealed that her initial contact with the school environment turned out rather unpleasant; as indeed, she had to adjust into the school system rather quickly (since she did not have any schooling prior to her entrance at the age of eight), and put up with incessant teasing of her classmates. But because she was nurtured by a family that cared and supported her, she was able to overcome her school-age crises. In the process, she developed her sense of initiative and industry. This is perhaps seen most glaringly in the healthy and motivated way by which she views her efforts to succeed well in her studies even until the present. To briefly conclude, this paper ends with a thought that, indeed, Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is able to provide a window for us to look at Lamis’ belief system, behavioral uniqueness and personal worldviews within the larger context of her past experiences. Lamis is indeed a person shaped by the interactions she has had in her lifetime. It is imperative to note that in the years to come, she is to encounter more life defining crises; this time about issues pertinent to adulthood. But what stands out for the meantime is her triumphant emergence from the three identified crises she has thus far encountered. After using Erikson’s theory, we were able to affirm that Lamis’ being able to establish a healthy sense of confidence as an infant, autonomy as toddler, and initiative and industry as a school-age child, surely did serve her well. Bibliography Duska, R. Whelan, M. (1975). Moral development: A guide to Piaget and Kohlberg. New Jersey: Paulist Press. Erikson, E. (1964). Insight and Responsibility. Lectures on the Ethical Implications of   Ã‚   Psychoanalytic Insight. New York: Norton and Company. Hayes, R. L. (1994). The legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg: Implications for counseling and human development. Journal of Counseling Development, 72(3), pp. 261-267. Kay, S. R. (1982). Kohlberg’s theory of moral development: Critical analysis of validation studies with the defining issues test. International Journal of Psychology, 17(1), pp. 27-43. Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2008). â€Å"Erikson’s Stages of Development†. Retrieved 28   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   July 2008, from http://www.learning-theories.com/eriksons-stages-of-   development.html Penn State Engineering. (2006). Ethical decision making processes. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www.vanderbilt.edu/CenterforEthics/Descriptions-More%20Info/Resource%20Pages%20for%20Ethics%20Workshop%20-%202006.pdf. Piaget, J. (2003). Part I: Cognitive development in children – Piaget development and learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(1), pp. 8-18. Satrock, J. (2006). Educational Psychology. New York, McGraw Hill, Inc. Wart, M. V. (1998). Changing public sector values: Montgomery Van Wart. Taylor Francis. How to cite Adult Development Analysis, Papers

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Struggling Towards Understanding and Awareness As characters transpire through a course of struggles, the traditional author carries them to a point of understanding and awareness. In the novel, Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, characters are forced to face this struggle and eventually go on to reach their epiphany. However, this realization doesn?t occur until after much devastation and damage has been caused. The eccentric Miss Havisham is one of these characters that is in constant battle with her emotional past. She uses her bitterness against mankind by adopting a young girl and training her to mechanically break the hearts of men. After many years of seclusion at Satis house, she employs Pip to amuse her and train her adopted daughter, Estella. She uses Estella as a form of torture for Pip since she knows very well that Estella?s attractiveness will lure him in and capture her in his heart. Although Estella is completely inaccessible, Pip is still invited over and leaves the Satis house fully tormented. Miss Havisham?s devious ways give her enjoyment when she watches Pip suffer and yearn for a girl he can?t have. Also, when Pip discovers that he is intended for ?great expectations,? she continues to lead him on making him think that she is the secret benefactor. Miss Havisham merely uses Pip as a pawn to play and exploit with in her game of retaliation. Her role as a complete manipula tor helps her seek revenge to all mankind on account of her misfortunes. Miss Havisham?s fortune quickly alters when things don?t go as she has planned. She watches intently as Estella throws herself at Drummle and realizes that she?s the reason that Estella migrates towards a man of low stature like Drummle. Seeing Pip desolate and extremely hurt makes her feel like she betrays someone so undeserving of this kind of torment. Miss Havisham realizes that it?s too late to take back the past and change her meticulous ways. She can only remorse as she does her best to amend the disheveled situation, as she sees that there?s not any course of action that would improve it. She is no longer cynical and hard headed. In a way, to make up for what she has caused, she helps fill Pip?s request to help Herbert Pocket in the Clarriker firm. She sees a new light and understands that her malicious game hurts the people who are closest to her and benefits no one, leaving her without anyone when she passes away. Pip is another character in the novel that learns from his false pride and arrogant ways that he hurts the people that treasure him the most. While attending several visits to Miss Havisham?s house, Pip develops a snobbish superiority over Joe and the rest of his family. The standards at his common house could never live up to the lifestyle that the Havishams endure. He begins to develop a dislike of the ?commonness? of his lower class home. After being informed of his benefactor, Pip quickly leaves Joe to go to London without hesitation and remorse. As the years go on, he often comes back to visit Estella and Miss Havisham, but purposely avoids going back home. After living such a high class lifestyle, he can?t go back and associate with the common people. Even when Joe comes to visit him in his own home, Pip is completely ashamed of having Joe?s company. He even says, ?If I could have kept him away by paying money, I certainly would have paid money.? He is worrisome about what Herb ert and the other towns people will think if they happen to see Pip and Joe together. Then, as he learns that the convict is the benefactor, he becomes embarrassed and highly ungrateful since it isn?t Miss Havisham as anticipated. Pip?s head becomes so clouded by this new high society that he refuses to accept the people in his past. Coinciding with Miss Havisham?s realization, Pip begins to reach maturity and encounters the damage that he implements. He awakens to find that he does have a responsibility to Magwitch for his continuous generosity. While Magwitch is in jail, Pip visits and stays with him every day as he becomes Magwitch?s only companion when he

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Women in the 1900s essays Looking back and comparing life during the 1900s in Canada to todays life, I can see how much the past 100 years have left us in a completely different world. I can not even begin to describe how much things have changed since then. My life would have been entirely different. First off, I would probably be going to school only a couple times a week! There would be a lack in my school attendance since I would be spending my days helping my parents on the farm, cooking, keeping the house tidy, sewing, and looking after my baby sister which is not all fun and games. I would have very little time for myself. Meanwhile, my brother would be out fishing for the nights dinner and my mother would stay at home with me and my little sister. Only would my father go to work, being that back then, they had distinct gender roles where as today, there is equality. My father would come back very late at night after working those long hours to support my family. In addition, if I would be l iving in the 1900s, the housing would be very different. I would be living in a sod hut made out of mud, where there would be very cold nights and leaking water left from the rain. But looking at todays life, we live in brick homes with heaters to keep us warm. Moreover, traveling would require more time and would be very uncomfortable. Only the rich would have the luxurious accommodations for those long journeys. Today we have become very dependant on automobiles and subways to transport us to places for we are a car culture. But if I would be living in the 1900s, horses and carriages would play a significant role in my everyday life. I would be taking the horse to school instead of the TTC, which is what I use now. Also, religious values seemed to have had such an important role so I would have been attending church and reading the bible more often. Furthermore, if I would be living in the 1900s and wanted to communicate with a re...

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Case Study CASE STUDY : COPD This piece of work will explore the comprehensively physical examination, differential diagnosis and various diagnostic tests to confirm the disease condition that is CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. It will then move further to discover the comprehensive treatment plan and present a argument on an excellent method to treat the disease condition on the basis of current evidenced based studies. The actual name of the patient is replaced with another name so as to retain confidentiality (Dimond, 2002). Mr.X is a 58 year retired office manager came to the emergency ward with his son. He had chief complaints of difficulty in breathing, severe cough, weakness and was feeling discomfort. Patient general appearance shows that he is weak, sitting in high fowlers position, respiring through pursed lips. Suggest that this type of breathing is the indication of emphysema. Pursed lip breathing helps in emitting the air which is trapped in the lungs and limits the force for taking breath (Rik Gosselink, 2003). History taking and proper investigations are the two main components for confirming the disease condition. Complete history is essential to determine the exact etiology of shortness of breath that includes past history of asthmatic attack, family history of asthma, occupational history, present history of smoking, alcohol intake, medication history, episodes of cough whether it is productive or not, presence of any heart problems (Walsh, 2008). COPD develops due to the lack of alpha one antitrypsin hereditary factor. Furthermore the occupational hazards along with genetic factor deteriorate the condition. So detail history collection including all the aspects is significant (Yohannes and Hardy, 2003). History of patient reveals that patient was a chronic smoker from the past 20 years and consume near about twenty cigarettes every day, although patient left smoking 6 months ago his smoking history provides estimation of 20 packs a year. Moreover COPD is more prevalent in patient who consume 20 packs of cigarettes in one year (Georgios et al, 2004). However there are various other diseases that occur due to cigarette smoking such as cancer, heart diseases, pulmonary diseases, influenza, pneumococcal, meningococcal, tuberculosis etc (Arcavi and Benowitz, 2004). Also patient is not able to perform daily activities due to shortness of breath and cough with sputum production. These symptoms are quite common in carcinoma of bronchus, however difficulty in breathing, cough and sputum production are also main clinical symptom of COPD (Pauwels and Rabe, 2004). Moreover, history of the client indicates that plentiful production of sputum for more than three months for two years which shows t he presence of chronic bronchitis (GOLD, 2008). Patient is also not able to sleep during night. Awakening during night which occurs by shortness of breath reveal presence of congestive heart failure or asthma (Price, 2010). Complaints of patient we loss of weight, fatigue, chest tightness due to severe episodes of cough, disturbance in sleep. Dietary history shows that patient is non vegetarian, family history does not provide any significant data. Client having age more than 40 and have sign and symptom such as formation of sputum, difficulty in breathing, history of cigarette smoking and any inhalation of noxious fumes and chances of occurrence of COPD is more at the age above 40 ,therefore patient is believed to have COPD (Vestbo, 2010). Although all the sign and symptom of the client signify that patient is suffering from COPD still functional diagnosis is necessary to confirm the exact diagnosis and proper physical assessment is necessary to confirm the diagnosis (Ferrara, 2011). In high risk cases of COPD proper cardinal sign, body mass index, height and weight of the patient is to be notified as component of assessment (Stockle, 2007). The vital sign of patient are blood pressure:124/76mmHg, height: 174cm, rate of respiration: 20/minute, temperature: 98.2F, Weight: 56kg and body mass index is 19kg/m2. During inspection it is observed that shape of chest of patient is barrel and patient respire with the help of accessory muscle which indicates presence of emphysema (Smeltzer et al, 2009). This less amount of air in the lungs causes disturbance in breathing pattern (Celli, 2007). This alteration in shape of chest shape occur due to the decrease in flexibility of lungs muscles and therefore extra energy is required for this forceful type of breathing as a result client is not able to eat in adequate manner and loosen the weight (Smeltzer et al, 2009). Percussion indicate presence of tympanic resonance that occur because of less motion of diaphragm and presence of wheezing sounds indicating COPD (Celli, 2007). Auscultation indicate that there is extended forced expiratory pattern due to the decrease in air in the lungs. Congestive heart failure or lung fibrosis is differentiated from COPD on the basis of wheezing sound and presence of ronchi. Club shape finger of patient may indicate the presence of other disease condition such as cancer of lungs, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis. The skin mucosa of the client is bluish which signify that less of oxygen in blood (American thoracic society, 2004) . Physical assessment of respiratory system does not provide the relevant and valid information for the detection of disease condition but related co morbid state and differential diagnosis are well judged with the help of thorough examination (Mcivor et al, 2004). However the decrease in flow of air in lungs is not predicted with the help of history collection and general assessment. Therefore pulmonary functional test such as spirometry is useful in diagnosing COPD (Travers et al, 2007). Furthermore for identification and confirmation of the COPD and its progress level can be easily identify with the help of spirometry (Stoloff, 2011). COPD is well detected with the help of satandarized device that is spirometry however this device is inconsistent in clinical area (Gold, 2008). Spirometry reading of patient reveals that FEV1/FVC is 56% , this value is less than 70% and it is categorize as stage two that is moderate. However spirometry is not believed to be valid tool for the evaluati on of broad category of airflow obstruction diseases (Borg, 2010, American Thoracic Society, 2004, GOLD, 2008). But provision of bronchodilators are beneficial in diagnosis of asthma and COPD and determine the limit of flow of air that is not reversible fully. Still the exact value of reversibility that helps in judging the patient asthmatic or COPD pdiseases is not known. However differential diagnosis of COPD can be clinically evaluated and also can determine by various non invasive procedures (Vestbo, 2010). Chest radiography is useful technique in excluding various differential diagnosis such as pneumothorax, chronic heart disease, pneumonia (Man et al, 2004). Therefore, to clear out the differential diagnosis, a proper clinical examination and simple investigations including chest radiography could resolve uncertainty if any (Vestbo, 2010). Radiography of chest mostly exhibit clear interstitial markings in patient with chronic bronchitis however there is no particular outcomes that provide evidence that radiography is beneficial for the diagnosis of COPD or Chronic bronchitis (Kane Graham, 2004). In the patient, chest radiography reveals that lung field is hyper distensded, diaphragms are flattened and retrosternal space is more which is the sign of emphysema. Moreover determination of various changes in lungs in case of emphysema can be determined with the help of superior type of chest film (Vestbo, 2010). However with the help of chest x ray it is not possible to detect initial stages of COPD (Gold, 2008). Therefore high resolution Computed tomography is used for identifying emphysema in the initial stages. Moreover the lesions in the lungs can be identifying with the help of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) without any trouble (Gold, 2008). There are various other diagnostic test which are helpful in COPD confirmation with more accuracy such as arterial blood gas analysis, cardio pulmonary exercise test (GOLD, 2008). The presence of pulmonary emphysema and various other alternative diseases such as asthma and other minor airway diseases can be determined by the value of total lung capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide(Vandevoorde, 2006) suggest that through examination of blood gas, saturation of oxygen in blood, blood perfusion is determined (Smeltzer et al, 2009). (also supported that arterial blood analysis in moderate and severe cases of COPD should be performed (Vestbo, 2010). However this test is not is not a reliable test to confirm COPD but in high risk cases of emphysema this test is helpful to know hypoxemia (Travers et al, 2010). Value of ABG analysis of patient was PH-7.30, Pao2-84mmHg, Paco2-48mmHg, HCO3-25mg/dl and Sao2 94% Haemoglobin level of patient was 13.4 mg/dl . Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is the disease of respiratory system that causes non reversible and progressive decrease in pulmonary function (Higginson, 2010). The air flow is not proper in lungs due to this reduction of lung function. The diseases it includes are bronchitis, asthma and emphysema. It effect more than three million people in England. (Jones, 2001) In the Western World, the main cause of COPD is smoking, smoking is related with over 90% of this disease, however COPD occurs in merely 10% to 20% of chronic chain smokers. (Beyer et al, 2008)Respiratory illness is also occurred by passive smoking. (Higginson, 2010) Genetic factor is also responsible for yhe occurrence of COPD however there is only one genetic factor alpha antitrypsin that involes in causing this disease. The lack of this genetic factor is the single major risk factor for the occurrence of this disease. Though determine in only one percemt cases of COPD. Contact with noxious substances is the most c ommon cause of COPD. (Yohannes and Hardy, 2003) There are various diseases in childhood such as pneumonia and whooping cough prior to the age of 12 year are considered to be the risk factor of bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis. Females are at high risk of COPD than man however argues that there is no difference in occurrence of COPD in male and females (Lindberg, 2006). The progress of the disease inside body is mostly described by the inflammation that involve central and peripheral airways. By the inhalation of the noxious substances or irritants , inflammation occurs in the central airway. Due to this soreness , there is more secretion of mucus that damage the ciliary clearance. As a result the glands of the mucus turn into large size and therefore more production of mucus take place due to more amount of goblet cells. This increase production of mucus provides an brilliant medium for the growth of microorganism cause the impairment of airway. Repeated infection causes damage to cilliary body and further inflammation. This progression leads to constriction of airway . Following obstruction trapping of air inside lungs occurs that result in hyperinflation, difficulty in breathing and less tolerance to exercise. The chronic obstruction diseases are chronic bronchitis, emphysema (Higginson, 2010). For the appropriate management of COPD, holistic approach must be taken in account (Paul, 2004). Individually management plan must be made that covers the essential components such as termination of smoking, dietary management and function of lungs should be maintained by medication therapy. Instant treatment in emergency unit is started with the provision of oxygen and sometime bronchodilator may be beneficial to find out reaction to the treatment (Gold, 2008). Moreover administration of oxygen helps in treating hypoxemia and hence improves breathing problem (Downs Appel, 2007). However excess utilization of oxygen may lead to withholding of carbon dioxide level in lungs. So it should be provided with cautious (Kevin, 2007). Patient was provided with oxygen therapy for short duration, the partial pressure of oxygen of the patient is 74% so there is no requirement of oxgen for long term (Gold, 2008). Drug therapy is beneficial for the treatment of COPD and it is provided according to the seriousness level of disease condition (Incalzi et al, 2006). In mild COPD cases, short acting beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists is advised whereas in moderate and severe cases long acting beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonist are recommended. Moreover anti cholinergic is beneficial and easily bearable in older people. Pharmacotherapy is essential in relieving the various symptoms however there is no medication that reveals long lasting improvement of lung function (Gold, 2004). Suggest that with the combination of different drug therapy can give better result and reduce the harmful effects as compared to large amount of single dosage. The preference of different bronchodilators depends upon, accomplishment of desired reaction and ill effects (Downs Appel, 2007). Suggest that due to very few harmful effects and less dosage requirement, inhalation route is chosen for treatment (American thoracic society, 2004) . The widely used short acting beta agonist are salbutamol, terbutaline, pirbut erol and salmeterol, formoterol are the long acting beta agonist also methylxanthines such as theophylline , antichollinergic and inhaled corticosteroid are commonly used that are beneficial in reducing m mucus secretion in airway (Nazir and Erbland, 2009). Pharmacotherapy in the patient was begin with the administration of combined therapy of salbutamol of dose 50Â µg with ipratropium 20Â µg. these are the bronchodilators which is provided with the help of inhaled and injection of theophyllin also administered through intra muscular route. There are some other drugs that are beneficial in severe stage such as antioxidants and immunoregulators (Gold, 2008) Improper nutrition in COPD patient is quite general and it has harmful influence on the pulmonary functioning. So helping the client in maintenance of adequate nutrition level is important and beneficial in improving the respiratory functioning (Shepherd, 2010). Moreover the client whose BMI is less than 21 kg/m2 should be given supplementary diet in order to improve condition of client further (Vermeeren et al, 2001). However age associated alteration in structure, height, muscular changes and if value of BMI is more than also malnutrition cannot be identified (Shepherd, 2010). In patient BMI is in normal category instead patient is advised to take adequate calories, carbhohydrate and proteins in diet. Patient is also advised to avoid caffeine, restrict sodium and taking more milk. The other preventive measure is vaccination of influenza. It has much influence in prevention of various acute respiratory illnesses along with COPD. This type of vaccination must be advised to each patient suffering from COPD (Wongsurakiat, 2004) . Patient who is moderate or severe deterioration of lung function then pulmonary rehabilitation is beneficial to gain maximum functioning to manage with disease condition. Patients are motivated to do different types of exercise to keep body healty Such as steps up, walking , various arm exercises, self handling of various activites such as taking medication, that helps in keeping the function of different system appropriately. Also exercise for decreasing hyperinflation and manage dyspnoea such as deep breathing and pursed lip is advised to the patient (Barnett, 2008). Moreover advantages of rehabilitation of lung fuction maintain for numerous months even after the end of this program (O` Donell, 2007) . COPD is the most prevalent problem that effect mostly elderly people. The mai symptom of COPD is shortness of breath, production of cough with sputum. The main cause of occurrence of this disease is cigarette smoking. History taking and physical examination is beneficial in excluding all the differential diagnosis. Through spirometry diagnosis of COPD can be made. Pharmacology is helpful in controlling the further spread of disease but medication does not provide efficient result in long term care. CASE STUDY ON SPINAL CORD INJURY This case study will throw light on the complete physical examination and diagnostic test and a range of laboratory investigation to confirm the diagnosis. It will then undergo detail treatment plan along with differential diagnosis to explain the appropriate intervention on the basis of present evidence sources. Also it will explore the recent issues regarding care of spinal cord injured patent. The actual name of the patient is changed in the study so that data cannot be recognized (Dimond, 2002). Mr. Malik Aggarwal is a 21 year old student studying in University of Greenwich doing mastering in marketing. During summer break in France, Malik was struck with an motorbike accident. During accident he fall harshly on the footpath from his bike and was lying towards his abdomen . This accident was witnessed by the policeman and he quickly gave call for first aid management. Ambulance was arrived soon and emergency staff identify the severity of Malik injury, they protect the neck of the victim with the help of strong board and immobilize the part before transferring him to the emergency department of the closest hospital. Patient was awake and also familiarized with current date, day and location. He was also replying in well manner. After reaching hospital, he complained of loss of feeling on his both legs, severe pain in neck, mild pain on his back and all extremities, patient was not able to move his neck and lower extremities properly. The assessment was carried out by the eme rgency specialist staff, and found that there were contusions and lesions present on his trunk and lower extremities, the restriction of the neck was rapidly maintained by the staff with the help of firm cervical collar. In order to limit further deterioration of condition, patient was supported with cervical traction and head was also supported with motion restricted devices that are helpful in maintaining proper alignment (Grubb, 2006) . The cardinal signs were checked and indicate that patient has Blood pressure of 100/70, pulse rate: 90/minute, respiration: 20/mt, temperature: 98.4 F and oxygen saturation was 90%. During history collection main emphasis should be given on complete mechanism that how the injury took place, this data is confirmed from the witness and also who is present at the time of accident to so as to proceed accurately towards confirmation of diagnosis (Schreiber, 2009). Other physical and social factors should be noticed that may interfere with the proper assessment of pain (Cruz-Almeida, 2007). Moreover complete history plays an important role in knowing possible etiology of different symptoms and also helps in excluding differential diagnosis. Proper pharmacological history , family history and dietary history should be taken because it might be beneficial in knowing the disease (Cox, 2008) . History collection of patient reveals that patient was anxious and had complaint of pain at the site of neck. The constant pain occur due to the contraction of muscles of neck muscls. There were presence of mild lesions on the trunk and extremities. Therefore it might be the case of injury on cervical cord because continual pain is the indication of spinal cord injury (Lee and Ostrander, 2003) . The exact cause of injury is the extreme flexion of head towards the chest that is due to hyperflexion. Moreover if the main reason of spinal cord injury is hyperflexion or hyperextension then it might be the case of spinal cord injury (ElFaramawy, 2009). Client gave appropriate reaction to each question during history taking , this shows that patient has good level of consciousness. As patient vital sign indicate that patient has hypotension, low respiratory rate and decrease in temperature. The one reason for the occurrence of hypotension might be the interference of vagal and symphathetic vascular tone (Karlet 2001). The client symptoms of hypotension, bradycardia indicates that it might be due to neurogenic shock (McLeod, 2004). After the collection of data it is essential to carry out physical assessment by covering all the aspects. Adequate Physical assessment is the basis in determining the injury related to spinal cord (Bono and Lee, 2004). Moreover physical examination especially of neurological system is beneficial in gathering the baseline data. The main section in neurological examination include will be cranial nerves, sensory and motor function and also reflexes (Noah, 2004). Assessment take place by mkaintaing proper interpersonal relationship with patient. While doing inspection assess for the mental condition, intellectual and cognitive response of the patient (Crimlisk, Grande 2004). Assess for the posture of the patient, if posture maintained by patient is decerebrate thenit may indicate trauma in the midbrain. With the help of Glasgow coma scale, level of consciousness should be assessed and also this scale is beneficial in determining the sensory, motor and verbal response. However the response through this scale is not satisfactory in determing the verbal function (Iyer, 2009). Assess for the extremities for spasticity, presence of weakness, flaccidity as these are the significant mark of damage to neurologic system and also assess for the pronator drift which signify hemiparesis (Crimlisk and Grande, 2004). In the patient, level of consciousness through Glasgow coma is assessed and it is found to be 13 which is normal(Iyer, 2009). Inspection of the patient indicates that there is presence of abrasions on the body and he has difficulty in breathing which is indicated from the use of accessory muscles. This data may be crucial in determine that damage occur in between C3 and C5 vertebrae (Walker, 2009). Neck and trunk should be properly palpated as it is helpful in determine any kind of defect in the neurological system. Palpation should be done in an appropriate manner starting from the cranium and regularly descending along the vertebral disc. On palpation of patient there is feeling of rigidity of muscles of cervical and tenderness. So there are chances of cervical injury (Noah, 2004). Diagnosis of spinal cord injury is based not just on history collection and examination infact complete neurological examination and radiographic studies are essential for the confirmation of diagnosis (Berney, et al 2011) . Spinal nerve assessment should be done with the help of hammer that should be strike beneath the knee. Striking causing sending of nerve impulse and thigh muscles contracted due to this flow of nerve impulse. If there is no contraction of muscles then it indicates there is distruption in the pathway and some sensory or motor deficit. In patient there was mild contraction of muscle fibre indicate neurological deficit(Cox, 2008). After that cranial nerves should be assessed by various method such as recognization of smell, assessment of the vision through snellen chart, assess for speech ,facial expression, assess for optic fundi with the help of opthalmoscope, if there is presence of papilloedema it may be the case of increase intracranial pressure. In patient all the cranial nerves are intact and also no papilloedema is present which exclude the diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure (Cox, 2008) . Patient motor and sensory function is determined by the American Spinal Injury Association (AISA) impairment scale. In this scale sensory deficit and motor impairment is recognized with the help of broad categorization. In the patient the strength of elbows, wrist was normal, the stretch of the biceps and triceps was also normal. The response of the patient towards light touch and pin prick was normal up to the inguinal area however due to weakness of lower limbs, the response of lower extremities was not adequate indicate sensory deficit due to spinal cord trauma (Dodwell, 2010) . However the proper alignment of the vertebrae and recognizing of fracture cannot be possible with such scale so for that radiography is essential (Sheerin, 2005). The radiography is beneficial in determine the fracture of thoracic vertebrae, it gives reliable information but it is not useful in case of cervical vertebrae as these vertebrae are to small to be visible appropriately in radiography (Jorge, 2009). Radiography of the patient provide inadequate data as the film was not properly clear. The deep examination of displacement of bone segments and fractures is possible with the help of computed tomography. The CT scan is beneficial in visualization of the image in different cross section (Jorge, 2009). It is possible to get exact information regarding injury of bone with the help of CT scan and radiography films however the injury to the soft tissue on the cord, intervertebral disc then these diagnostic test does not provide complete information regarding soft tissues (Sheerin, 2005). The CT scan of patient exhibit that injury take place at the level of C5 spine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is helpful in visualization of injury that occurs on soft tissues by providing well clarify image. The further deterioration and injury that occur due to soft tissues is clearly recognized with the help of MRI (Sheerin, 2005). The MRI of patient shows that there is no soft tissue injury. Functional studies such as positron emission tomography, electromyograms are not of use in case of conscious client. They are only essential in patients who are not cooperative (McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002). From the above history collection, physical assessment, various diagnostic test it is clear that client has cervical injury at the level of 5 intercostals vertebra. Spinal cord is the basic part of central nervous system. It consists of thirty one segments. However due to the fusion of coccygeal bones there are 30 segments in vertebral column (Sheerin, 2004). Spinal cord has two region that is cervical and lumber and it is consist of grey matter (Sheerin, 2004). Approximation of 500 to 700 people each year suffers from traumatic spinal cord injury in UK. The main aetiology of spinal cord injury is straight mechanical injury and injury develops due to the compression on cord (Pellatt, 2010). This compression develops from traumatic and non traumatic reason (McDonald Sandusky, 2002). Due to this overstress of cord, intense flexion, extension or rotation develops. If injury develops due to direct force then within little duration discharge of enzymes from cells and vasoactive substance take place. After that neutrophills and macrophages infilterate in that region. The amount of potassium in extracellular fluid boost up and cells become depolarized and result in hypoxic conditions. Where as in case of indirect cause, vascular system compromised causing lack of blood supply in tissues. Which further leads to development of various haemorrhages, due to this haemorrhages the endothelium of blood vessels become disrupted. Further development of aneurysms occurs causing thrombi development in blood vessels. Due to stimulation of vagus nerve, imbalance thermoregulation develops and because of dermal blood vessel dilatation various life threatening sign and symptoms are developed such as neurogenic shock due to vasodilatation (McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002). There are also development of various syndrome such as anterior cord syndrome which occurs due to the injury to the two third of spinal cord in the anterior side, and next is the posterior cord syndrome that occurs due to the injury to the two third of spinal cord in the posterior side (Bailes et al, 200) . Central cord syndrome mainly occupies the cervical part of spinal cord. This syndrome usually influence elderly people and develop cervical spondylosis due to hyperextension. This spondylosis and hyperextension injury together put compression on the anterior and posterior side of cord. Due to which ligament turn towards inner side and put force on the anterior horn cells. This will further causes development of oedema (Bailes et al, 200) . Management of the patient begins from the site of the accident. First priority of the management is the maintenance of the airway, breathing and circulation. Oxygen therapy helps to prevent hypoxic conditions along with that oxygen therapy stop secondary injury that occurs due to the hypoxic conditions. For maintain airway jaw thrust method should be used chin lift method should be avoided as this may deteriorate the neck by extension (Pellatt, 2010). Immediately stabilization of spine must be maintain with the help of stiff cervical colour. The client must be positioned on hard board so as to maintain proper alignment. If there is requirement of intubation then it should be maintained with the help of three people without mobilizing the patient. However immobilization is not as important as the oxygen therapy because death of the patient may take place due to development of encephalopathy in hypoxic condition (Sheerin, 2005). After the confirmation of diagnosis, drug therapy should be started without any delay. Currently this drug therapy is recognized as basic treatment and helps in limiting secondary damage due to hypoxic condition. Steroid treatment must be started immediately. Methylprednisolone is more preferable. The amount needed for this drug is 30mg/kg in 15minutes, subsequently 5.44mg/kg/hr within 24 hours. Steroid treatment helps in improving neurologic deficit through blood flow toward central nervous system. However this drug is helps in only protection of neurological function and also use of elevated amount this drug result in side effects such as gastric bleeding and infection of wound (Weant, 2008). Further supporting, this drug is usually beneficial within 8 hours of injury. Also in the study organized by the researcher in random controlled trial to see the impact of nimodipine and methylprednisolone on patient with spinal cord injury in acute phase is that both the drugs produce side e ffects and these drugs are not of much beneficial (Pointillart, 2000). Also respiratory and cardiovascular function should be adequately maintained in spinal cord injury. Excessive damage if occur by spinal cord injury has remarkable effect on respiratory system. Mostly colloidal solutions maintain pulmonary wedge pressure. (Nockels, 2001) Moreover due to spinal cord injury the tidal volume generated by accessory muscles is not adequate and result in further damage to pulmonary function so there is need of maintainence of respiratory function. Also hypotension may develop in patient as a result of neurogenic shock. Therefore it is essential to check blood pressure and average arterial pressure should be more than 85mmHg. However if blood pressure is too low than it can be managed with the help of vasopressin agent such as dopamine (Sheerin, 2005). Mr. Malik was provided oxygen about 2 litres/min so as to maintain proper perfusion. Pulse oxymetry was continued and part

Art of the Romantic Period

During the Romantic period, composers had shown their romantic side. The expressive part in all artists was being shown. The passion in art, the variety of bold colors, the freedom of expression, and how one feels through the sound of a piano or violin, it was all being shown. Much of what the classical period was still remained during the romantic period, but to most, the romantic period was so much more. The music was more emotional and expressive, and had even influenced artists that weren’t musicians to be romantic as well. All artists were becoming the romantics of the time, and what a time it was for the arts. The romantic period will always be remembered as a time in history when passion was important, expression was used, and emotion was seen and heard. There are many characteristics involved in the romantic period. The individuality of style was an important characteristic. Each composer had his own style that showed his innermost feelings through and expressed emotional piece of work. Expressive aims and subjects were also important during this period. The romantics explored a universe of feelings that included intimacy and flamboyance, melancholy and unpredictability, longing and rapture Romanticism (1820-1900) in music was brought to the world during the early nineteenth century. This music stressed emotion, imagination, and individualism. The Romantic period was about freedom of expression and breaking away from time-honored conventions. This period in time had influenced many, or even all of the arts. Painters used bolder and more brilliant colors in their works. Also, they had preferred dynamic motion to gracefully balanced poses. Poetry was also changed during the romantic period. Emotional subjectivity was a basic quality in every type of art during this time. Many artists had become â€Å"romantics† and had become drawn to the realm of fantasy: the unconscious, the irrational, and the world of dreams. Romantics were fascinated with the middle age, the time of chivalry and romance. What neoclassicists had thought of to be the â€Å"dark ages†, the romantics had cherished. The spirit of revolution was â€Å"a dedication to the principles of equality, reason, and a representative government. † (Bishop 323) With the overthrow of Kings in America and France it did not stop the injustices or establish a utopia of reason. With the middle class growing a society developed and a new sensibility arose called romanticism, which glorified the individual and prized feelings over reason and intellect. â€Å"This period of revolutionary change and romantic reaction (1775-1850) laid down the principles, and discovered the demons of the first modern society. † (Bishop 323) Elements of romantic art and literature came about to respond to different social and historical circumstances. Poets of this time argued against the social injustices of early society. A woman named Mary Wollstonecraft wanted equal rights for woman, and a Spanish painter Goya bitterly depicted the cruelty of war. Authors in England and North America such as Wordsworth and Emerson saw nature as a mirror of the human imagination. Painters developed now techniques of color and light to render the natural landscape’s sublime beauty. Other people sought escape in the past, and had a taste for picturesque medieval architecture. As the industrial life became dull and mechanical, the lure of exotic lands spurred the imaginations of architects such as Nash and painters such as Delacroix and Ingres. The people of the romantic age were fascinated with evil, the demonic, and the grotesque and the dark side of things that were reflected in the novel, with its medieval setting and tortured characters. The most famous Gothic novel was Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein†, which was a summation of the romantic motifs: â€Å"the genius, the noble savage, the protest against injustice, and the fascination with evil. † At one point in the study of the Romantic period of music, we come upon the first of several apparently opposing conditions that plague all attempts to grasp the meaning of Romantic as applied to the music of the 19th century. This opposition involved the relation between music and words. If instrumental music is the perfect Romantic art, why is it acknowledged that the great masters of the symphony, the highest form of instrumental music, were not Romantic composers, but were the Classical composers, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven? Moreover, one of the most characteristic 19th century genres was the Lied, a vocal piece in which Shubert, Schumann, Brahams, and Wolf attained a new union between music and poetry. Furthermore, a large number of leading composers in the 19th century were extremely interested and articulate in literary expression, and leading Romantic novelists and poets wrote about music with deep love and insight. The conflict between the ideal of pure instrumental music (absolute music) as the ultimate Romantic mode of expression, and the strong literary orientation of the 19th century, was resolved in the conception of program music. Program music, as Liszt and others in the 19th century used the term, is music associated with poetic, descriptive, and even narrative subject matter. This is done not by means of musical figures imitating natural sounds and movements, but by imaginative suggestion. Program music aimed to absorb and transmit the imagined subject matter in such a way that the resulting work, although â€Å"programmed†, does not sound forced, and transcends the subject matter it seeks to represent. Instrumental music thus became a vehicle for the utterance of thoughts which, although first hinted in words, may ultimately be beyond the power of words to fully express. Practically every composer of the era was, to some degree, writing program music, weather or not this was publicly acknowledged. One reason it was so easy for listeners to connect a scene or a story or a poem with a piece of Romantic music is that often the composer himself, perhaps unconsciously, was working from some such ideas. Writers on music projected their own conceptions of the expressive functions of music into the past, and read Romantic programs into the instrumental works not only of Beethoven, but also the likes of Mozart, Haydn, and Bach! The diffused scenic effects in the music of such composers as Mendelssohn and Schumann seem pale when compared to the feverish, and detailed drama that constitutes the story of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (1830). Because his imagination always seemed to run in parallel literary and musical channels, Berlioz once subtitled his work â€Å"Episode in the life of an artist†, and provided a program for it which was in effect a piece of Romantic autobiography. In later years, he conceded that if necessary, when the symphony was performed by itself in concert, the program would need not be given out for the music would â€Å"of itself, and irrespective of any dramatic aim, offer an interest in the musical sense alone. † The principle formal departure in the symphony is the recurrence of the opening theme of the first Allegro, the idee fixe. This, according to the program, is the obsessive image of the hero's beloved, that recurs in the other movements. To mention another example: in the coda of the Adagio there is a passage for solo English horn and four Tympani intended to suggest â€Å"distant thunder†. The foremost composer of program music after Beriloz was Franz Liszt, twelve of whose symphonic poems were written between 1848 and 1858. The name symphonic poem is significant: these pieces are symphonic, but Liszt did not call them symphonies, presumably because or their short length, and the fact that they are not divided up into movements. Instead, each is a continuos form with various sections, more or less varied in tempo and character, and a few themes that are varied, developed, or repeated within the design of the work. Les Preludes, the only one that is still played much today, is well designed, melodious, and efficiently scored. However, its idiom causes it to be rhetorical in a sense. It forces today's listeners to here lavishly excessive emotion on ideas that do not seem sufficiently important for such a display of feeling.

Drug Use And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (...

Ritalin is a prescription drug used primarily in the treatment of behavioural problems in children such as Attention deficit disorder (ADD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (National Drug Intelligence Centre 2006). It is estimated that 11 percent of Australians between the ages of 6 to 17 are affected by ADD or ADHD and the amount of Ritalin being prescribed has doubled in the last 10 years ( Schriever 2012). The brand name for Ritalin is methylphenidate, a drug that stimulates the central nervous system. Its primary use is to stimulate the brain and improve concentration, therefore helping the child control impulsive behaviour and overactivity (Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne 2010). When a child is taken to see a doctor for behavioural problems the General Practitioner will refer these children to a child phycologist or paediatrician. They are then examined and asked a series of questions which inevitably leads to being diagnosed with ADD or ADHD and leaving with a prescription for Ritalin (G Bell 2014). This medication has been known to cause adverse side effects in many children. There is also the problem of misdiagnosing the child’s condition and with the view that alternative treatments are available, Ritalin should not be used as a first solution in the treatment of behavioural problems in children. Ritalin should not be used as a first option due to the ongoing side effects that some children suffer from taking this medication. There areShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. 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